I'm surprised no one replied to this, looks quite easy to do and I've often wondered about something like this.
I can't remember whether I just saw talk about it or an actual release of a pitch-shifter object, but basically, that's what you need for this. I think it was either Remco (SirSickSik) or Robert (rbrt) who made one.
Assuming you find a pitch-shifter object, all this would need is for the audio to fed into various pitch-shifter objects where the pitch-shifter gets it's shift amount from MIDI note information. The MIDI note information gathered from a MIDI object that is fed with your keyboard or whatever. The original audio and the various pitch-shifted audio would then be fed into a mixer so that you can hear all pitches at the same time, and change the levels as you feel fit.
I hope that helps a little, I can't be sure about any of this as my Axo computer is currently out of action, but I'm pretty sure as long as there's a pitch-shift object somewhere in the library, it would be perfectly doable.